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Thai Law: Pure Cannabis Oil Is No Longer Considered Narcotic

Thailand's Public Health Minister Anutin Chanvirakul, right, presents a batch of CBD oil to a hospital for medical use on Sep. 25, 2019.

In an effort to ease medicinal cannabis in Thailand, on August 30, 2019 the Ministry of Public Health no longer lists cannabidiol (CBD) extracted from cannabis as a narcotic as long as it has 99% purity or more, and contains tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) not exceeding 0.01% by weight.

It also liberalizes 99%-pure CBD oil made from hemp (scientific name: Cannabis sativa L. subsp. sativa), with THC not to exceed the same rate of 0.01% in weight.

What it means in a layman’s term is that 99%-pure CBD oil made from cannabis or hemp with a mix of very little psychoactive THC is no longer a narcotic under the Narcotics Act of 1979.

High Hopes of Things to Come

People should not get carried away by the excitement of this partial liberalization for production, sales, imports, exports and possession of any extracts from cannabis and hemp remain under strict control of the authorities.

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Legally, the liberalization can only be interpreted to mean the first step of actual liberalization of medical cannabis, pending further clearly defined regulations.

The August 30 regulation gives you hopes of a better day to come. But you need to wait; wait for favorable legal interpretation by the government and new clarifying regulations.

The most hopeful transaction out of the regulation is the ability for the private sector, local and foreign, to invest in the manufacturing of the 99%-pure CBD oil from cannabis and hemp.

The favorable interpretation by the authorities of the August 30 regulation that enables the private sector to import pure CBD oil extracted from hemp will immediately solve the ongoing problem of shortages of supply of medicinal cannabis in the country.

Foreign Investments in Local Cannabis Production

The 99%-pure CBD oil extracted from cannabis will no longer be considered a narcotic, only if it’s produced in Thailand. Imports are not possible for a period of five years ending in 2024. 

Speaking the other way around, the regulation currently bans imports of 99%-pure CBD oil made from cannabis for a period of five years from the date the regulation came into effect on September 2, 2019. Any imports during the banned five-year period continue to be illegal narcotics.

Without a doubt, the new rule favors Thailand-first manufacturing of CBD oil for medicine, while at the same time permits foreigners to invest in and hold one third or 33% of shares in a Thai manufacturing company that makes CBD oil.

A researcher showing an extraction instrument.
A researcher showing an extraction instrument which is used to separate different cannabis compounds.

When the dust settles and rules and policy become clearer, this local cannabis-oil production potential can open up an industrial-scale manufacturing in the private sector, driven by advanced technology from overseas.

A cannabis production license continues to be required as there is a line drawn by the authorities between processing narcotic cannabis and its output of liberalized CBD extracts.

A production license is required to process narcotic cannabis in a factory and change it chemically to the liberalized 99%-pure CBD oil, with THC not exceeding 0.01% in weight.

As of this date, there are a few such licensed producers, all governmental organizations or public and private universities.

The Government Pharmaceutical Organization is the leader of this group, with high capability to turn their research production into a large commercial conglomerate; they are interested in the pure CBD oil, but has no imminent plans to manufacture it.

Subject to further regulations, more applicants from the private sector will be welcome.

Do Patients Need Possession Licenses to Treat Themselves?

Let’s suppose you now have a cannabis production license to make the pure CBD oil, a question arises as to whether or not you will also need separate licenses from the Food and Drug Administration to sell, import and export this supposedly free CBD oil? Probably, yes, interpreting from the present cannabis law and rules.

What about the patient’s side, will patients be required to have a possession license to treat themselves with the newly liberalized pure CBD oil?

Maybe not. At least that is what the present cannabis law says. Provided that the medicine is prescribed by a doctor specially trained in cannabis by the Department of Medical Services – there are about 1,200 of them at the moment for the entire country – these specialized doctors are awaiting a sufficient supply of cannabis oil to prescribe to patients.

Are International Travelers Required to Have Possession Licenses? 

This is the realm of the existing regulatory regime which has not been put into test. International patients with cannabis prescriptions from a foreign country will need a possession license from the FDA to bring cannabis medicines into Thailand for consumption.

How does the application process work? What documents are required? How long will it take?

Great uncertainty here! There are no answers to these questions. Neither are there any regulations issued to implement this flexible rule in the cannabis law. You need to explore further with the FDA.

Regulation Does Not Ban Pure CBD Oil Extracted from Hemp

The August 30 regulation clearly differentiates between the 99% CBD oil made from cannabis and the 99% CBD oil extracted from hemp.

While an import of the pure CBD oil from cannabis is banned for five years, there is no 5-year import ban on the pure CBD extracts from hemp!

By the book, everyone is free to import CBD oil with 99% purity made from hemp with THC content not to exceed 0.01% by weight once they receive a cannabis import license from the FDA. This may be a true intention of the drafter of the August 30 regulation, believed to be among officials at very high levels.

At the operating level among the authorities, however, this is an area of great bewilderment. In the minds of most officials, you cannot import the pure CBD oil in any event. They interpret the Aug. 30 regulation as a complete ban on imports of both cannabis-based pure CBD extracts and hemp-based pure CBD oil.

When you pointed out the letters of the law to them, they would be caught by surprise, become tentative, hesitant and unsure of the exact answer. They apparently need time to check and reach conclusion among themselves, and most effectively to consult with the drafter of the rule. 

Again by law, the August 30 regulation does not ban imports of CBD oil extracted from hemp with 99% purity and a THC component not to exceed 0.01% by weight!

To be fair to the officials, they are stepping into uncharted territory and find it hard to keep up with new regulations themselves. They are told at briefings what can and cannot be done. It will take a bit of patience for everyone to move gradually to more clarity, backed up by additional detailed regulations.

Wirot Poonsuwan is the Senior Counsel and Head of Special Projects at Blumenthal Richter & Sumet in Bangkok and can be reached at [email protected].

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Authorities: Clerk Forces Suspected Shoplifter to Strip

SALEM, N.J. (AP) — Authorities say a store clerk at a New Jersey gas station pointed a gun at a suspected shoplifter and forced him to strip naked.

Amit Saraswat is charged with aggravated assault, making terroristic threats and two weapons charges. It’s not known if he’s retained an attorney.

The counts against him stem from an incident that occurred Monday night at the station in Salem.

Surveillance video shows Saraswat pointing an Airsoft gun at the man and forcing him to strip naked. Police say the man left the store unharmed but later returned to grab his clothes after he realized the clerk didn’t have a real gun.

Authorities haven’t charged the man or determined if he stole anything from the store.

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Hong Kong’s Carrie Lam Holds 1st Community Dialogue

HKSAR Chief Executive Carrie Lam talks to about 150 representatives at the 1st "Community Dialogue" in Hong Kong, south China, Sept. 26, 2019. (Xinhua)

HONG KONG (Xinhua) — Chief Executive of China’s Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) Carrie Lam said Thursday at the first “Community Dialogue” session that she hopes to “seek change for the betterment of Hong Kong society” through continued dialogues with the public.

In her opening speech at the session, Lam stressed that the dialogue is “not just for the sake of dialogue, nor is it a public relations tactic.”

“It is to seek change for the betterment of Hong Kong society,” she said, adding that she hopes more dialogues in different forms will be continuously held in the future in different parts of Hong Kong and more members of the public can participate.

The first “Community Dialogue” session, held Thursday evening at Queen Elizabeth Stadium in Wan Chai, was attended by four secretaries of the HKSAR government and about 150 members of the public selected by computer lot drawing from the over 20,000 people who had registered for attending the session.

Lam said Hong Kong residents, irrespective of their status and position, felt pain, anxiety and anger in the past three months, and the HKSAR government should shoulder the major responsibility for finding a way out of the current impasse.

Acknowledging the shrinking public confidence in the HKSAR government and in herself, the chief executive said “direct dialogue should be initiated no matter how difficult it is.”

“I hope we can take the difficult first step with the understanding and support of the public,” she said.

Ballots were drawn to select speakers from the audience, each of whom could speak within three minutes. The chief executive and other officials occasionally responded to the speakers.

Both protesters and opponents of the protests have spoken out during the interactive section, which saw repeated mentions of housing problems, social inequality and politicizing of education, among others.

One female speaker opposed students’ participation in protests and blamed some teachers, social welfare practitioners and religious groups for instigating protests.

“Students are not mature enough to engage in politics,” she said, adding that partiality in the liberal studies course had a bad influence on Hong Kong students.

She also blasted fake journalists and biased media reports for stirring up troubles, winning thunderous applause from the audience.

A man who identified himself as among the “peaceful, rational and non-violent” protesters, said he was dissatisfied with the social gap and chaos today.

“We all have families and children, I don’t know how to hand the future to our next generation,” he said, expressing hope that peace could be restored soon.

Another speaker noted Hong Kong’s exorbitant house prices and yawning wealth gap and asked Lam if measures would be taken to help the young people in terms of housing and employment.

Since June, Hong Kong has witnessed escalating violence that originated from protests over the proposed ordinance amendments concerning fugitive offenders transfers.

Though the HKSAR government has withdrawn the amendments, violence continued as protesters veered off their original agenda to raise the ante, causing a split in society and taking a heavy toll on the economy.

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‘OK’ Hand Gesture Added to Hate Symbols Database

A file photo of former US presidential candidate Hilary Clinton doing the ‘OK’ hand gesture

COLLEGE PARK, Md. (AP) — The “OK” hand gesture, a mass killer’s bowl-style haircut and an anthropomorphic moon wearing sunglasses are among 36 new entries in a Jewish civil rights group’s online database of hate symbols used by white supremacists and other far-right extremists.

The Anti-Defamation League has added the symbols to its online “Hate on Display” database , which already includes burning crosses, Ku Klux Klan robes, the swastika and many other of the most notorious and overt symbols of racism and anti-Semitism.

The New York City-based group launched the database in 2000 to help law enforcement officers, school officials and others recognize signs of extremist activity. It has grown to include nearly 200 entries.

“Even as extremists continue to use symbols that may be years or decades old, they regularly create new symbols, memes and slogans to express their hateful sentiments,” Anti-Defamation League CEO Jonathan Greenblatt said in a statement.

Some of the new entries started as trolling campaigns or hateful memes on internet message boards such as 4chan, 8chan and Reddit, before migrating to Facebook, Twitter and other mainstream platforms, and to public forums and fliers.

The ADL has updated its database to include the “OK” hand symbol, which became fodder for a 4chan trolling campaign to dupe viewers into thinking the fingers formed the letters “W″ and “P″ to mean “white power.” But the ADL says extremists also are using it as a sincere expression of white supremacy.

Brenton Tarrant, the Australian man charged with killing 51 people at mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand, in March, flashed the “OK” symbol during a courtroom appearance after his arrest. Tarrant also had the number 14 written on his rifle, a possible reference to the “14 Words,” a white supremacist slogan, according to the Southern Poverty Law Center.

Oren Segal, director of the ADL’s Center on Extremism, said context is key to interpreting whether an “OK” symbol is hateful or harmless. He said the ADL had been reluctant to add it to the database “because ‘OK’ has meant just ‘OK’ for so long.”

“At this point, there is enough of a volume of use for hateful purposes that we felt it was important to add,” Segal said.

An earlier addition to the database was Pepe the Frog , a cartoon character that became hijacked by online extremists who superimposed the frog with Nazi symbols and other hateful imagery. The ADL branded Pepe as a hate symbol in September 2016 and supported cartoonist Matt Furie’s efforts to reclaim the character he created.

The “Happy Merchant,” one of the new database entries, is an anti-Semitic meme that depicts a stereotypical image of a bearded Jewish man rubbing his hands together. Another addition, the “Moon Man” meme, is derived from “Mac Tonight,” a character in a McDonald’s advertising campaign during the 1980s. Internet trolls transformed the sunglasses-wearing cartoon moon into a vehicle for rap songs with racist and violent lyrics.

The ADL also added the “Dylann Roof Bowlcut,” an image of the hairstyle worn by the white supremacist who shot and killed nine black people in 2015 at a church in Charleston, South Carolina.

Roof’s bowl-style hair became an avatar for extremists, including a Washington, D.C., man whose relatives contacted the FBI to report concerns about his behavior and far-right extremist rhetoric after last year’s Pittsburgh synagogue massacre . Jeffrey Clark’s username on the Gab social media platform was “DC Bowl Gang,” an FBI agent wrote in a court filing for gun charges against Clark.

Logos of white nationalist groups including the Rise Above Movement and the American Identity Movement also are among the new ADL database entries.

The recently formed American Identity Movement is the successor to the now-dissolved Identity Evropa, which frequently plastered its white nationalist propaganda on college campuses and is one of the groups that has been sued over the violence that erupted at a white nationalist rally in Charlottesville, Virginia , in August 2017.

Four members of the California-based Rise Above Movement pleaded guilty this year to attacking counterprotesters at the Charlottesville rally. A federal judge sentenced three of them to prison terms ranging from 27 months to 37 months.

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China’s Picturesque Tourist Landmark Jiuzhaigou to Reopen

(181108) -- JIUZHAIGOU, Nov. 8, 2018 (Xinhua) - An aerial photo taken on Nov. 6, 2018 shows the scenery in the Jiuzhaigou National Park in southwest China's Sichuan Province. The park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, was rocked by a 7.0-magnitude quake in August 2017. (Xinhua/Liu Kun) (clq)

BEIJING (Xinhua) — Southwest China’s tourist destination Jiuzhaigou is set to reopen soon to tourists after two years of post-earthquake reconstruction, according to the Ministry of Culture and Tourism.

Infrastructure and tourist facilities at Jiuzhaigou, Sichuan Province, have met the conditions for receiving tourists and the requirements for reopening according to an evaluation by authorities and experts organized by the provincial government, the ministry said in a statement Thursday.

On Aug. 8, 2017, a 7.0-magnitude quake forced the closure of the Jiuzhaigou National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site famous for its spectacular waterfalls, lush forests and serene plateau lakes.

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CPF Wins the Most Outstanding Company in Thailand – Agriculture Sector Award From AsiaMoney

Mr. Prasit Boondoungprasert, Chief Executive Officer of Charoen Pokphand Foods PCL., was presented with The Most Outstanding Company in Thailand – Agriculture Sector at the Asiamoney Asia’s Outstanding Companies Poll 2019 held by Asiamoney, Euromoney’s banking and finance group flagship publication for the region.

This award was based on survey result of more than 800 fund managers, buy-side analysts, ratings agencies, and bankers who have voted in recognition of Asia’s most outstanding listed companies in each country and business sector. The criteria were evaluated from the company’s overall performance including its financials, management team, IR activities, and CSR initiatives.  The award presentation ceremony was held at Grand Hyatt Singapore Hotel in Singapore.

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Six More Arrest Warrants Issued in ‘Bell the Pretty’ Case

Chaiyapol Panna and his girlfriend Pikulthong Boonta speaking to the press at his house in Bang Bua Thong on Sept. 25.
Chaiyapol Panna and his girlfriend Pikulthong Boonta speaking to the press at his house in Bang Bua Thong on Sept. 25.

NONTHABURI — Police on Thursday said arrest warrants have been issued for six people who attended the house party where a promotional model was last seen before turning up dead in a condominium lobby last week.

A Nonthaburi court on Thursday issued arrest warrants for six people who were at the house party in Bang Bua Thong on Sept. 16 where model Thitima “Bell” Noraphanpiphat, 25, met Rachadech Wongtabutr, 24. She was taken in an intoxicated state to his condominium that evening and found dead the next morning.

Arrest warrants were issued for the hosts of the party Chaiyapol Panna, 29, and Nathee Sathitpongsathaporn, 33. Warrants were also sent to partygoers Pikulthong Boonta, 24, Komet Rithnithirerk, 35, Kritsada Lohitdee, 27, and Phattanan Raksakul, 26, for cooperating in criminal activity and sexual assault.

Authorities decided to pursue the warrants after another model, who used the alias “Dear,” reported to the police that she was sexually assaulted at the house party, where she like Thitima was hired as an entertainer. However, she arrived at the house after Thitima left with Rachadech.

On Wednesday, Chaiyapol told reporters and swore to a shrine that he has nothing to do with Thitima’s death. As of press time, the police have said four of the six suspects have agreed to report to the authorities.

Meanwhile, Rachadech was arrested on Wednesday and charged with illegal detention leading to deaths of others, abduction with intent of committing an indecent act, and indecency. He was taken to court for detainment approval on Thursday. He denied the allegations, but admitted he was with Thitima shortly before her death, as has been confirmed in CCTV footage.

Although investigators have established the timeframe of Thitima’s death, they are still working on the exact time of death in order to tie Thitima’s case to the hosts and partygoers. The police found no suspicious substances inside the house, but evidence of sexual activity was found.

Related stories:

Suspect Arrested, Charged Over Model’s Death

‘Bell the Pretty’ Died Before She Was Taken to the Condo: Police

Friends Say ‘Bell the Pretty’ Led a Talented Life Before Mysterious Death

Autopsy Says ‘Abducted’ Model May Have Been Raped

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Protesters Rally Against Prayuth in New York – But Say They Aren’t Thais

“Thai Democracy Now” gathering in front of the Plaza Athénée Hotel in New York on Sept. 24.
“Thai Democracy Now” gathering in front of the Plaza Athénée Hotel in New York on Sept. 24.

NEW YORK — Anti-Prayuth protesters in New York on Tuesday were neither Thai nor knew where Thailand is located.

Deputy Prime Minister Gen. Prawit Wongsuwan said Wednesday he has received reports of an anti-government rally in front of the hotel in New York where Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha is staying during his visit to the UN General Assembly. He believes someone has masterminded the gathering, but refused to name who.

“We all know who’s doing what. There must be a wire-puller,” Prawit said. “We have the intel on anti-government movements, but we haven’t found any connections with familiar faces.”

Nearly 30 people gathered in front of Plaza Athénée Hotel in New York’s affluent Upper East Side on Tuesday morning. The protesters did not appear to be shouting any slogans.

The protesters identified themselves to a reporter as Mexicans and Peruvians, Matichon reported. They wore shirts saying “Thai Democracy Now” and held hand-written placards demanding free and fair elections in English.

When asked about their motives, the protesters replied they are calling for democracy in Thailand, but admitted they do not know where the country is, according to Matichon. The protesters also missed their target as Prayuth had already left the hotel about two hours before they arrived.

In a video posted by Facebook user Chutima Liamthong, who followed the rally to the grounds in front of the UN headquarters, one of the protesters says “Everybody is Thailand today!” but refuses to speak further when challenged to speak Thai.

One protester in the video identifies herself as Peruvian, while another says she’s from the Philippines.

This is not the first time the mysterious group “Thai Democracy Now” has made the news.

On Friday, ex-Pheu Thai MP Sunai Chulpongsatorn, who is now living in exile after being accused of insulting the monarchy, posted a photo on his Facebook of a billboard reading “United Nations General Assembly: Don’t Let Democracy Die in Thailand.” He claimed the billboard is located near the UN headquarters.

The billboard contains a URL to thaidemocracynow.org, which leads to an English language website. The group claims to belong to the self-styled Committee for Human Rights and Democracy in Thailand, which is “a non-profit, international committee comprising of political and human rights leaders, Thai expats living on five continents.”

According to their mission statement, the group aims to “restore human rights and democracy in Thailand,” citing the crackdown on freedom of expression during the junta’s rule and the sham election which landed Prayuth his second term in office.

The website also includes a petition to the UN secretary-general Antonio Guterres and a donation form in US dollars. A domain registration database reveals that the address belongs to an Arizona proxy company, effectively masking the real owners.

No one has stepped forward to claim leadership of the group. Pro-democracy campaigners in Thailand say they don’t know who’s behind it – which struck the close-knit activist community as odd.

“It seems strange. Those who were recruited wore shirts with the logo of the pro-democracy group that erected the billboard near the UN headquarters. Neither reporters nor activists know who’s behind it,” pro-democracy activist Nuttaa “Bow” Mahattana said on Facebook.

However, there were Thai protesters as well. During his speech at the Asia Society panel on Wednesday, a handful of protesters led by student activist Nachacha Kongudom interrupted by standing up and attempting to raise placards against Prayuth before they were being escorted out of the venue.

“Hello, Thank you. Thank you very much” Prayuth said while Nachacha was being pulled out.

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Bottoms Up, Fire’s Out: German Man Douses Fire With Beer

A guest holds glasses of beer during the opening of the 186th 'Oktoberfest' beer festival in Munich, Germany, Saturday, Sept. 21, 2019. (AP Photo/Matthias Schrader)

BERLIN (AP) — A German motorist is being credited for his quick thinking after his engine caught fire on the Autobahn. He turned to a slightly different foam extinguisher to douse the flames: bottles of beer.

Police told the dpa news agency Wednesday that the man was on the highway near the town of Hoesbach in Bavaria the day before when he smelled something odd.

Pulling over, the man spotted flames under the hood of his car. He quickly grabbed bottles of beer from a case in his car and quenched the fire.

Authorities say the fire department responded but there was nothing left for them to do.

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‘We’re All in Big Trouble’: Climate Panel Sees a Dire Future

In this Friday, Sept. 6, 2019 file photo, storm surge from Hurricane Dorian blocks Cedar Island off from the mainland on NC 12 in Atlantic Beach, N.C., after Hurricane Dorian passed the coast. (AP Photo/Tom Copeland)

NEW YORK (AP) — Earth is in more hot water than ever before, and so are we, an expert United Nations climate panel warned in a grim new report Wednesday.

Sea levels are rising at an ever-faster rate as ice and snow shrink, and oceans are getting more acidic and losing oxygen, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said in a report issued as world leaders met at the United Nations.

It warned that if steps aren’t taken to reduce emissions and slow global warming, seas will rise 3 feet by the end of the century, with many fewer fish, less snow and ice, stronger and wetter hurricanes and other, nastier weather systems.

“The oceans and the icy parts of the world are in big trouble, and that means we’re all in big trouble, too,” said one of the report’s lead authors, Michael Oppenheimer, professor of geosciences and international affairs at Princeton University. “The changes are accelerating.”

The dire effects will be felt on both land and sea, harming people, plants, animals, food, societies, infrastructure and the global economy. In fact, the international team of scientists projected for the first time that some island nations will probably become uninhabitable.

The oceans absorb more than 90% of the excess heat from carbon pollution in the air, as well as much of the carbon dioxide itself. Earth’s snow and ice, called the cryosphere, are also being eroded.

“The world’s oceans and cryosphere have been taking the heat for climate change for decades. The consequences for nature and humanity are sweeping and severe,” said Ko Barrett, vice chair of the IPCC and a deputy assistant administrator for research at the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

The report found:

— Seas are now rising at one-seventh of an inch (3.66 millimeters) a year, which is 2.5 times faster than the rate from 1900 to 1990.

— The world’s oceans have already lost 1% to 3% of the oxygen in their upper levels since 1970 and will lose more as warming continues.

—From 2006 to 2015, the ice melting from Greenland, Antarctica and the world’s mountain glaciers has accelerated. They are now losing 720 billion tons (653 billion metric tons) of ice a year.

—Arctic June snow cover has shrunk more than half since 1967, down nearly 1 million square miles (2.5 million square kilometers).

—Arctic sea ice in September, the annual low point, is down almost 13% per decade since 1979. This year’s low, reported Monday, tied for the second-lowest on record.

—Marine animals are likely to decrease 15%, and catches by fisheries in general are expected to decline 21% to 24%, by the end of century because of climate change.

“Climate change is already irreversible,” French climate scientist Valérie Masson-Delmotte, a report lead author, said at a news conference in Monaco, where the document was released. “Due to the heat uptake in the ocean, we can’t go back.”

But many of the worst-case projections in the report can still be avoided, depending on how the world handles the emissions of heat-trapping gases, the report’s authors said.

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Global mean sea level (GMSL) is rising, with acceleration in recent decades due to increasing rates of ice loss from Greenland.;

The IPCC increased its projected end-of-century sea level rise in the worst-case scenario by nearly 4 inches (10 centimeters) from its 2013 projections because of the increased recent melting of ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica.

The new report projects that, under the business-as-usual scenario for carbon emissions, seas by the end of the century will rise between 2 feet (61 centimeters) and 43 inches (110 centimeters), with a most likely rise of 33 inches (84 centimeters). This is slightly less than the traditional 1 meter (39 inches) that scientists often use.

And sea level will rise two to three times as much over the centuries to come if warming continues, so the world is looking at a “future that certainly looks completely different than what we currently have,” said report co-author Hans-Otto Portner, a German climate scientist.

The Nobel Prize-winning IPCC requires that its reports be unanimously approved. Because of that, its reports tend to show less sea level rise and smaller harm than other scientific studies, outside experts said.

“Like many of the past reports, this one is conservative in the projections, especially in how much ice can be lost in Greenland and Antarctica,” said NASA oceanographer Josh Willis, who studies Greenland ice melt and wasn’t part of the report.

Willis said people should be prepared for a rise in sea levels to be twice these IPCC projections.

The world’s warm water coral reefs will go extinct in some places and be dramatically different in others, the report said.

“We are already seeing the demise of the warm water coral reefs,” Portner said. “That is one of the strongest warning signals that we have available.”

Outside scientists praised the work but were disturbed by it.

“It is alarming to read such a thorough cataloging of all of the serious changes in the planet that we’re driving,” said Texas A&M University climate scientist Andrew Dessler. “What’s particularly disturbing as a scientist is that virtually all of these changes were predicted years or decades ago.”

The report’s authors emphasized that it doesn’t doom Earth to this gloomy future.

“We indicate we have a choice. Whether we go into a grim future depends on the decisions that are being made,” Portner said.

___

The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.

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